However, it’s also important to note that such adverse effects depend heavily on the form of the titanium dioxide. It can come down to characteristics like “particle shape, purity, surface charge, solubility, agglomeration rate, photo-activation, etc.”

It is expected that the implementation of rutile titanium dioxide market manufacturers will be stable this week, the new single quotation of the production link will be firm, the supply of low-cost goods will be reduced, and the reference range of the overall market transaction will rise slightly. It is expected that the market transaction reference is 15200-16200 yuan/ton, and the weekly average price may refer to 15600 yuan/ton. In addition, considering the difference of orders received by different manufacturers, some manufacturers may still have 300-500 yuan/ton of negotiation room. On the demand side, most buyers still have inventory to use, so the current new batch transaction intention is not strong; On the supply side, some producers are expected to increase the load next week, so the industry time output may be slightly increased. On the whole, it is expected that the overall trading range will rise slightly next week, but most producers will adjust the real single negotiation range according to their own orders, and the new single stable price of mainstream producers.

In 2016, the European Food Safety Authority, or EFSA, assessed titanium dioxide and determined that the evidence available at the time didn’t conclusively point to any health problems for consumers. 

This constant high rate of ROS production leads rapidly to extreme macromolecular oxidation, here it is observed in the AOPP and MDA detected after 3 h in samples treated with bare P25TiO₂NPs (Fig. 6, Fig. 7). Macromolecular oxidation includes, among others, both protein and lipid oxidation. The ROS causes protein oxidation by direct reaction or indirect reactions with secondary by-products of oxidative stress. Protein fragmentation or cross-linkages could be produced after the oxidation of amino acid side chains and protein backbones. These and later dityrosine-containing protein products formed during excessive production of oxidants are known as advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP). They absorb at 340 nm and are used to estimate the damage to structural cell amino acids. Lipid oxidation is detected by the conjugation of oxidized polyunsaturated lipids with thiobarbituric acid, forming a molecule that absorbs light at 532 nm. Polyunsaturated lipids are oxidized as a result of a free-radical-mediated chain of reactions. The most exposed targets are usually membrane lipids. The macromolecular damage could represent a deadly danger if it is too extensive, and this might be the case. Moreover, it could be observed that cellular damage continues further and becomes irrevocable after 6 h and MDA could not be detected. This may be due to the fact that the lipids were completely degraded and cells were no longer viable. Lipids from the cell membrane are the most prone to oxidation. In fact, lipid peroxidation biomarkers are used to screen the oxidative body balance [51]. At the same time, AOPP values are up to 30 times higher for bare nanoparticles in comparison to the functionalized ones.