china rutile grade titanium

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The raw material used in this method is FeSO4. In order to maintain the Fe3 + concentration in the reaction medium in a specific range, reducing agent iron sheet is added in the reaction process. Iron yellow crystal seed was added and air was introduced to synthesize iron yellow under certain pH conditions. The method mainly includes two steps: (1) firstly, FeSO4 · 7H2O is used as raw material, NaOH or NH3 · H2O is used as precipitant or pH regulator, and air is used as oxidant to prepare crystal seed; (2) Iron yellow is produced by two-step oxidation with crystal seed, FeSO4, iron sheet and air.

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Nano-sized TiO2 generally shows low or no acute toxicity in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, exposure of Daphnia magna to 20 ppm TiO2 for 8 consecutive days was found to cause 40 % mortality. Zhu et al. showed minimal toxicity to D. magna after 48 h exposure, while upon chronic exposure for 21 days, D. magna suffered severe growth retardation and mortality. A significant amount of nano-sized TiO2 was found also accumulated in the body of the animals. Similar findings with coated nano-sized TiO2 (T-Lite™ SF, T-Lite™ SF-S and T-Lite™ MAX; BASF SE) were reported by Wiench et al. Biochemical measurements showed that exposure to TiO2 NPs induces significant concentration-dependent antioxidant enzyme activities in D. magna. Lee et al. showed that 7 and 20 nm-sized TiO2 induced no genotoxic effect in D. magna and in the larva of the aquatic midge Chironomus riparius.

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