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In conclusion, choosing the right TiO2 supplier involves careful consideration of quality, production method, geographic location, environmental responsibility, and production capacity. A strategic partnership with a reputable supplier can ensure a steady supply of high-quality titanium dioxide while potentially reducing costs and supporting environmental sustainability efforts. As the demand for TiO2 continues to grow across various industries, establishing strong relationships with suppliers will remain a critical component of business success.

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The vitaminC@P25TiO2NPs, on the other side, did not have any effect on cell protection against ROS. This might be due to the fact that vitamin C, a well-known scavenger of ROS, could behave as prooxidant and even promote ROS and lipid peroxidation [39]. It was recently described that at small concentrations of vitamin C, the prooxidant effects dominate; while in large concentrations the antioxidant ones predominate [40]. The effect also depends on the cell state and the interaction of vitamin C with light. In this case, ascorbic acid may act as an antenna to harvest visible light when conjugated to P25TiO2NPs. Indeed, it was previously found that this combination (in some ratios) could have an improved photocatalytic activity, possibly due to a red shift in its light absorbance [41]. Further studies on vitaminC@P25TiO2NPs were not conducted, because of the poor antioxidant capacity [42].

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When the pH of titanium dioxide deviates from the optimal range, its properties and performance may be compromised. For example, at low pH levels (acidic conditions), titanium dioxide particles tend to agglomerate and form clusters, leading to poor dispersion and reduced whiteness. On the other hand, at high pH levels (alkaline conditions), the stability of titanium dioxide can be compromised, resulting in decreased opacity and color performance.

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