In its 2016 opinion, the ANS Panel recommended new studies be carried out to fill the gaps on possible effects on the reproductive system, which could enable them to set an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI ). Uncertainty around the characterisation of the material used as the food additive (E 171) was also highlighted, in particular with respect to particle size and particle size distribution of titanium dioxide used as E 171.   

On absorption of UV light, photo-generated titanium dioxide particles create singlet oxygen, superoxide anions (O2-) and hydroxyl radicals (OH-) that are potent free radicals (1,2). Irradiated particles of titanium dioxide can induce oxidative damage to DNA (2) which can lead to the development of mutant cells and skin cancers (3,4,5,6) and lipid peroxidation of essential functions on the cell membrane (7).

Another common use of titanium IV oxide is in food coloring. Titanium dioxide is a FDA-approved food additive that is used to enhance the color of various food products. It is commonly used in candies, pastries, and dairy products to create vibrant colors. Titanium dioxide is a safe food additive that is used in small quantities to enhance the visual appeal of food products.

In addition to these uses, titanium dioxide is also used in: