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In conclusion, the price per kilogram of titanium dioxide varies depending on several factors, including the production method, quality, purity, and demand. High-quality titanium dioxide produced through the chloride process tends to be more expensive than lower-quality titanium dioxide produced through the sulfate process. However, the sulfate process is more commonly used due to its lower cost and higher yield. As an essential pigment in various industries, titanium dioxide continues to play a crucial role in our daily lives.

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Tayca Corporation is a top TiO2 factory based in Japan that specializes in the production of titanium dioxide products for the global market. Tayca is known for its advanced technology and high-quality TiO2 pigments that are used in a variety of applications, including paints, plastics, and cosmetics. With a focus on innovation and sustainability, Tayca continues to push the boundaries of TiO2 production, setting new standards for quality and performance in the industry.

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Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is commonly applied to enhance the white colour and brightness of food products. TiO2 is also used as white pigment in other products such as toothpaste. A small fraction of the pigment is known to be present as nanoparticles (NPs). Recent studies with TiO2 NPs indicate that these particles can have toxic effects. In this paper, we aimed to estimate the oral intake of TiO2 and its NPs from food, food supplements and toothpaste in the Dutch population aged 2 to over 70 years by combining data on food consumption and supplement intake with concentrations of Ti and TiO2 NPs in food products and supplements. For children aged 2-6 years, additional intake via ingestion of toothpaste was estimated. The mean long-term intake to TiO2 ranges from 0.06 mg/kg bw/day in elderly (70+), 0.17 mg/kg bw/day for 7-69-year-old people, to 0.67 mg/kg bw/day in children (2-6 year old). The estimated mean intake of TiO2 NPs ranges from 0.19 μg/kg bw/day in elderly, 0.55 μg/kg bw/day for 7-69-year-old people, to 2.16 μg/kg bw/day in young children. Ninety-fifth percentile (P95) values are 0.74, 1.61 and 4.16 μg/kg bw/day, respectively. The products contributing most to the TiO2 intake are toothpaste (in young children only), candy, coffee creamer, fine bakery wares and sauces. In a separate publication, the results are used to evaluate whether the presence of TiO2 NPs in these products can pose a human health risk.

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Moreover, the influence of international trade policies and geopolitical factors cannot be understated. Changes in import tariffs or export restrictions can significantly affect the cost of raw materials, thereby impacting the operational budgets of rutile factories. To mitigate these risks, many factories have started to explore opportunities for vertical integration, either by acquiring mines or establishing long-term contracts with suppliers To mitigate these risks, many factories have started to explore opportunities for vertical integration, either by acquiring mines or establishing long-term contracts with suppliers To mitigate these risks, many factories have started to explore opportunities for vertical integration, either by acquiring mines or establishing long-term contracts with suppliers To mitigate these risks, many factories have started to explore opportunities for vertical integration, either by acquiring mines or establishing long-term contracts with suppliersrutile market factory.

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