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Zhu et al. were the first to provide evidence that TiO2 NPs (21 nm) can transfer from daphnia to zebrafish by dietary exposure. Hence, dietary intake could be a major route of exposure to NPs for high trophic level aquatic organisms. Ecological research should therefore focus, not only on the concentration of NPs in the environment, but also on its bioconcentration, bioaccumulation and biomagnification. In addition it has been shown that TiO2 NPs can increase accumulation of other environmental toxicants: enhanced accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) was found in carp in the presence of TiO2 NPs. The strong adsorption capacity for Cd and As was explained by the large specific surface area and strong electrostatic attraction of TiO2 NPs that contribute to facilitated transport into different organs.

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In conclusion, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a versatile white pigment with a range of applications in various industries. Its transparency, combined with its other properties such as opacity, brightness, and durability, makes it an attractive option for manufacturers seeking to improve the appearance and functionality of their products. With ongoing research and development, the future of transparent TiO2 looks promising, with new applications and markets emerging as consumers demand more aesthetically pleasing and high-performance products.

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