In order to evaluate the penetration of the nanoparticles, eight adult male Wistar rats (3 months old) were used for the in vivo experiments. The protocol was approved by the local University Committee for animal testing and is in accordance with the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CICUAL-RD-2021–892-E-UNC-DEC#FCQ).

Titanium dioxide is a widely used substance in various industries due to its versatility and unique properties. As a result, there are numerous manufacturers of titanium dioxide around the world, catering to the different needs of their customers.