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In a 2017 study published in Scientific Reports, researchers exposed rats to human-relevant levels of E171 to examine the effects of intestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis. They saw that “a 100-day E171 treatment promoted colon microinflammation and initiated preneoplastic lesions while also fostering the growth of aberrant crypt foci in a chemically induced carcinogenesis model.” They continued: “Stimulation of immune cells isolated from Peyer’s Patches [which are clusters of lymphoid follicles found in the intestine] showed a decrease in Thelper (Th)-1 IFN-γ secretion, while splenic Th1/Th17 inflammatory responses sharply increased,” researchers wrote. “A 100-day titanium dioxide treatment promoted colon microinflammation and initiated preneoplastic lesions.” The scientists concluded: “These data should be considered for risk assessments of the susceptibility to Th17-driven autoimmune diseases and to colorectal cancer in humans exposed to TiO2 from dietary sources.”

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Another key player in the Chinese titanium dioxide industry is CNNC Hua Yuan Titanium Dioxide Co., Ltd. The company was founded in 1958 and is a subsidiary of China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC). CNNC Hua Yuan Titanium Dioxide is known for its state-of-the-art production facilities and dedication to research and development. The company's products are widely used in coatings, plastics, and other industries, making it a highly influential manufacturer in the global titanium dioxide market
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