This includes recycling waste streams, using renewable energy sources, and reducing the carbon footprint associated with the extraction and processing of titanium ore This includes recycling waste streams, using renewable energy sources, and reducing the carbon footprint associated with the extraction and processing of titanium oretio2 pigment manufacturers. Some companies have even turned to synthetic biology to produce TIO2 pigments through microorganisms, aiming to create a bio-based alternative to traditional mining and chemical synthesis.In vitro, in the hemocytes of the marine mussel Mytilus hemocytes, suspension of TiO2 NPs (Degussa P25, 10 μg/ml) stimulated immune and inflammatory responses, such as lysozyme release, oxidative burst and nitric oxide production. Vevers and Jha demonstrated the intrinsic genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of TiO2 NPs on a fish-cell line derived from rainbow-trout gonadal tissue (RTG-2 cells) after 24 h of exposure to 50 μg/ml. Reeves et al. demonstrated a significant increase in the level of oxidative DNA damage in goldfish cells, and suggested that damage could not repaired by DNA repair mechanisms. Another suggestion from the mentioned study was that hydroxyl radicals are generated also in the absence of UV light. It has been shown that fish cells are generally more susceptible to toxic/oxidative injury than mammalian cells.
