titanium dioxide factories

The author thanks Marco Leona, Scientist-in-Charge of the Department of Scientific Research at the Metropolitan Museum of Art for conducting fluorescence spectrometry on Wheel of Fortune and a valuable discussion of the research, as well as Silvia Centeno, Research Scientist at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, who performed Raman analysis on the watercolors and also contributed her insight. The phenomenon of the phosphorescing lithopone was originally discovered during the author's fellowship in the Sherman Fairchild Center for the Conservation of Works on Paper, funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. The author thanks all her colleagues for their ideas and support during the research of this paper, and special thanks to Rachel Mustalish for her assistance in editing this work.

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The production process of TiO2 pigments is an intricate one, requiring precise control over chemical reactions and physical properties. It begins with the extraction of titanium ore, primarily ilmenite or rutile, which undergoes a series of processes including crushing, leaching, and smelting to produce titanium dioxide. This raw form is then processed further to create the two main types of TiO2 pigments rutile and anatase. Each type offers different optical and physical properties, catering to specific industrial needs.

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