In summary, although more human evidence is needed to determine the risks of the mineral, potential titanium dioxide side effects from excessive exposure (especially when inhaled) may include:

There are two primary forms of titanium dioxide commercially available: anatase and rutile. The rutile form is typically used in sunscreens due to its superior ability to handle UV rays and stability in the presence of UV light. The anatase form is typically used in other types of products, such as paint. Another plus of the rutile form is that its UVA protection extends past 400 nanometers, which is the upper limit of UVA.

Overall, the use of titanium dioxide by manufacturers is essential for various industries, providing valuable properties and benefits for a wide range of products. As technology advances and new applications are discovered, the demand for titanium dioxide is expected to continue to grow. Manufacturers will need to adapt and innovate to meet the evolving needs of their customers while ensuring the safety and sustainability of their products.

A 2022 review on past studies of titanium dioxide and rat lung cancer, for instance, said the original study was under extreme conditions and its effects were not replicated in other animal species. Additionally, the review concluded that the few studies which did directly focus on titanium dioxide's impact on humans did not end up showing any increased cancer risk.