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Freshwater algae show low-to-moderate susceptibility to TiO2 exposure, with more pronounced toxic effects in the presence of UV irradiation. It has also been shown that nano-sized TiO2 is significantly more toxic to algae Pseudokirchneriella sub-capitata than submicron-sized TiO2. Hund-Rinke and Simon  reported that UV irradiated 25 nm TiO2 NPs are more toxic to green freshwater algae Desmodesmus subspicatus than UV irradiated 50 nm particles, which is in agreement with Hartmann et al. UV irradiated TiO2 NPs also inactivated other algae species such as AnabaenaMicrocystisMelsoira and Chroococcus. It was demonstrated that smaller particles have a greater potential to penetrate the cell interior than submicron-sized particles and larger aggregates. Studies have shown that the amount of TiO2 adsorbed on algal cells can be up to 2.3 times their own weight.

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  • Titanium dioxide is a versatile and widely used chemical compound that is known for its white color and high refractive index. It is commonly used as a pigment in products such as paints, coatings, plastics, and cosmetics. Titanium dioxide is also used as a UV filter in sunscreen and as a whitening agent in toothpaste.
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  • In addition to paints, TiO2 is also widely used in inks, especially in the printing industry. The bright white color of TiO2 helps to enhance the overall color vibrancy of inks, making them more visually appealing. TiO2 is also known for its stability and chemical inertness, making it a preferred choice for ink manufacturers who value consistent and reliable performance in their products.