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Australian researchers examined how titanium dioxide as a food additive affected gut microbiota in mice by orally administering it in drinking water. The study, published in the journal Frontiers in Nutrition in 2019, found the treatment could “alter the release of bacterial metabolites in vivo and affect the spatial distribution of commensal bacteria in vitro by promoting biofilm formation. We also found reduced expression of the colonic mucin 2 gene, a key component of the intestinal mucus layer, and increased expression of the beta defensin gene, indicating that titanium dioxide significantly impacts gut homeostasis.” The changes were then linked to colonic inflammation, along with a higher expression of inflammatory cytokines, which are signal proteins that help with regulation. The researchers concluded that titanium dioxide “impairs gut homeostasis which may in turn prime the host for disease development.”

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  • Furthermore, titanium dioxide has been shown to possess antioxidant propertieschina titanium dioxide used in medicine. It can neutralize harmful free radicals in the body, which are known to contribute to the development of various diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease. By incorporating titanium dioxide into dietary supplements or medicinal formulations, researchers believe that it could help protect against these diseases.