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In a 2017 study published in Scientific Reports, researchers exposed rats to human-relevant levels of E171 to examine the effects of intestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis. They saw that “a 100-day E171 treatment promoted colon microinflammation and initiated preneoplastic lesions while also fostering the growth of aberrant crypt foci in a chemically induced carcinogenesis model.” They continued: “Stimulation of immune cells isolated from Peyer’s Patches [which are clusters of lymphoid follicles found in the intestine] showed a decrease in Thelper (Th)-1 IFN-γ secretion, while splenic Th1/Th17 inflammatory responses sharply increased,” researchers wrote. “A 100-day titanium dioxide treatment promoted colon microinflammation and initiated preneoplastic lesions.” The scientists concluded: “These data should be considered for risk assessments of the susceptibility to Th17-driven autoimmune diseases and to colorectal cancer in humans exposed to TiO2 from dietary sources.”

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No acute effects of nano-sized TiO2 were observed in Danio rerio (zebrafish) embryos. Exposure of rainbow trout to TiO2 NPs triggered lipid peroxidation, influence on the respiratory tract, disturbance in the metabolism of Cu and Zn, induction of intestinal erosion  and accumulation in kidney tissue. Linhua et al. exposed juvenile carp to 100 and 200 mg/ml of particles and TiO2 observed no mortality. However, the fish suffered from oxidative stress and pathological changes in gill and liver. In the infaunal species Arenicola marina, exposure to TiO2 NPs in sediment caused sub-lethal effects including decrease in casting rate and increase in cellular and DNA damage. Aggregated particles were visible in the lumen of the gut, but no uptake through the gut or the skin was observed.

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In conclusion, titanium dioxide plays a vital role in various industries due to its exceptional properties and wide application range. Manufacturers worldwide rely on this versatile compound to produce high-quality products that meet consumer demands for durability, aesthetics, and performance. As technology advances and new applications emerge, the demand for titanium dioxide is expected to continue growing, solidifying its position as an essential material in the manufacturing sector.

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The unique properties of titanium dioxide extend into the field of medicine as well. It is being researched for use in cancer treatment due to its ability to generate reactive oxygen species that can target and destroy cancer cells. Moreover, when used as a coating on medical implants, titanium dioxide helps prevent bacterial growth and promotes osseointegration Moreover, when used as a coating on medical implants, titanium dioxide helps prevent bacterial growth and promotes osseointegration Moreover, when used as a coating on medical implants, titanium dioxide helps prevent bacterial growth and promotes osseointegration Moreover, when used as a coating on medical implants, titanium dioxide helps prevent bacterial growth and promotes osseointegrationjual titanium dioxide.

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