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Cet article traite de la découverte de lithopone phosphorescent sur des dessins à l'aquarelle, datés entre 1890 et 1905, de l'artiste Américain John La Farge et de l'histoire du lithopone dans l'industrie des pigments à la fin du 19e et au début du 20e siècle. Malgré de nombreuses qualités souhaitables pour une utilisation en tant que blanc dans les aquarelles et les peintures à l'huile, le développement du lithopone comme pigment pour artistes a été compliqué de par sa tendance à noircir lorsqu'il est exposé au soleil. Sa disponibilité et son usage par les artistes demeurent incertains parce que les catalogues des marchands de couleurs n'étaient généralement pas explicites à indiquer si les pigments blancs contenaient du lithopone. De plus, lors d'un examen visuel, le lithopone peut être confondu avec le blanc de plomb et sa phosphorescence de courte durée peut facilement être ignorée par l'observateur non averti. À ce jour, le lithopone phosphorescent a seulement été documenté sur une autre œuvre: une aquarelle de Van Gogh. En plus de l'histoire de la fabrication du lithopone, cet article décrit le mécanisme de sa phosphorescence et son identification à l'aide de la spectroscopie Raman et de la spectrofluorimétrie. En este artículo se discute el descubrimiento del litopón fosforescente en dibujos a la acuarela por el artista americano John La Farge, fechados de 1890 a 1905, y la historia del litopón en la industria de los pigmentos a finales del Siglo XIX y principios del Siglo XX. A pesar de tener muchas cualidades deseables para su uso en pintura para acuarela o pinturas al óleo blancas, el desarrollo del litopón como pigmento para artistas fue obstaculizado por su tendencia a oscurecerse con la luz solar. Su disponibilidad para los artistas y su adopción por ellos sigue siendo poco clara, ya que por lo general los catálogos comerciales de los coloristas no eran explícitos al describir si los pigmentos blancos contenían litopón. Además, el litopón se puede confundir con blanco de plomo durante el examen visual, y su fosforescencia de corta duración puede ser fácilmente pasada por alto por el observador desinformado. A la fecha, el litopón fosforescente ha sido documentado solamente en otra obra mas: una acuarela por Van Gogh. Además de la historia de la fabricación del litopón, el artículo detalla el mecanismo para su fosforescencia, y su identificación con la ayuda de espectroscopía de Raman, y de espectrofluorimetría. Este artigo discute a descoberta de litopônio fosforescente em desenhos de aquarela do artista americano John La Farge datados de entre 1890 e 1905 e a história do litopônio na indústria de pigmento no final do século XIX e início do século XX. Apesar de ter muitas qualidades desejáveis para o uso em aquarela branca ou tintas a óleo, o desenvolvimento do litopônio como um pigmento de artistas foi prejudicado por sua tendência a se escurecer na luz solar. Sua disponibilidade para e uso por parte de artistas ainda não está clara, uma vez que os catálogos comerciais dos vendedores de tintas geralmente não eram explícitos na descrição de pigmentos brancos como algo que contém litopônio. Além disso, o litopônio pode ser confundido com o branco de chumbo durante o exame visual e sua fosforescência de curta duração pode ser facilmente perdida pelo observador desinformado. O litopônio fosforescente foi documentado em apenas um outro trabalho até hoje: uma aquarela de Van Gogh. Além da história da manufatura do litopônio, o artigo detalha o mecanismo para a sua fosforescência e sua identificação auxiliada pela espectroscopia de Raman e espectrofluorimetria.

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TiO2 comes in many different forms. However, only a few of these forms are considered food-grade (acceptable to be added to food). Many studies that raised concern about the safety of TiO2, including the concern for genotoxicity, used forms of TiO2 that are not considered acceptable for use in food and have different properties than food-grade TiO2. Other studies did use food-grade TiO2, but took steps to break the material down into smaller particles than what would normally be found in food.

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Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) is dissolved into 12 ~ 14% solution with ethanol and made into film. It is used for printing paper film of ceramic (or enamel) products. The fired ceramic (or enamel) patterns have bright color and smooth texture. The flower paper is characterized by convenient use, low cost, smaller than the original glue, greatly reducing the decal process and high color burning rate. At present, most porcelain factories in China have formed relatively formal production lines for standardized production. Therefore, the demand for PVB in the ceramic (or enamel) flower paper industry is increasing.

Application field of polyvinyl butyral -- electronic adhesive

Polyvinyl butyral contains hydroxyl, vinyl acetate and butyraldehyde, which has high bonding properties. Phenolic 
Resin was added into PVB ethanol solution to make adhesive, which can be used for a long time at 120 ℃. The product has strong adhesion to metal, wood, leather, glass, fiber and ceramics; FRP can be manufactured to replace non-ferrous metals such as steel, aluminum and copper; The adhesive made by adding this product and curing agent into epoxy resin is often used for bonding and assembly of electronic instrument components, bonding between metal and porous materials, emergency repair, etc. it can also be used in the field of electronic ceramics. In the development of ceramic integrated electronic circuits, this product with medium viscosity and low hydroxyl is used as ceramic powder adhesive to increase the primary strength of ceramics.

Application field of polyvinyl butyral -- copper foil adhesive

Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and phenolic resin cooperate to produce copper foil adhesive, which is used in the production of copper clad laminate. It has good peel strength and tin welding temperature resistance, and is widely used in various fields.

Application field of polyvinyl butyral - self adhesive enamelled wire paint

Polyvinyl butyral is the main raw material of self-adhesive enamelled wire paint. After the enameled wire is wound and formed in the electrodes of motors, electrical appliances and instruments, as long as it is heated for several minutes at a certain temperature or treated with appropriate solvent, the coils can be bonded together by themselves without impregnation and drying.

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{随机栏目} 2025-08-16 13:17 518
  • Moreover, heavy steel grating contributes to improved safety standards in various settings. Its slip-resistant surface, along with the ability to see through the grating, enhances visibility and reduces the risk of accidents. This feature is particularly important in environments where visibility is critical, such as in factories or near machinery.


  • One of the primary benefits of bar steel grating is its ability to accommodate heavy loads while maintaining structural integrity. The spacing between the bars can be customized based on the specific requirements of a project, making it suitable for both industrial and commercial use. For instance, in areas like factories or warehouses where forklifts and heavy machinery operate, bar steel grating can effectively support substantial weights without compromising safety.


  • The Importance of Trench Drain Grates in Effective Drainage Solutions


  • - लचीलापन इन्हें विभिन्न अनुप्रयोगों के लिए अनुकूलित किया जा सकता है, जिससे वे विभिन्न आवश्यकताओं के लिए उपयुक्त बन सकते हैं।


  • Design and Load Capacity


  • Grating, eller gitter, fremstilles vanligvis ved å skjære og forme metallplater til et nettverk av åpninger, noe som gir struktur samtidig som det muliggjør enkel drenering. Dette gjør galvanisert gitter ideelt for bruk i industrielle miljøer, hvor det ofte kan bli utsatt for vann, kjemikalier og andre potensielt skadelige elementer.


    grating galvanized

    grating
  • La demanda del mercado también juega un papel crucial en la fluctuación de precios. En períodos de alta actividad en las industrias de petróleo y gas, la demanda de pantallas para shale shaker puede aumentar, lo que a su vez puede llevar a un incremento en los precios. Por el contrario, durante períodos de baja actividad, los precios pueden estabilizarse o incluso disminuir, ya que los proveedores buscan mover inventarios.


  • Ang Chain Link Helideck Mesh ay isang mahalagang bahagi ng mga operasyon sa mga helideck, partikular sa mga platform ng langis at gas sa dagat. Ang mesh na ito ay dinisenyo upang magbigay ng proteksyon at kaligtasan para sa mga helicopter habang lumalapag at umaalis mula sa helideck. Sa pamamagitan ng paggamit ng chain link mesh, nagiging mas ligtas ang paglipad ng mga helicopter dahil ito ay nakakatulong na maiwasan ang anumang uri ng mga aksidente na maaaring mangyari sa panahon ng kanilang operasyon.


  • In the realm of modern construction and infrastructure, innovative materials and techniques play a crucial role in enhancing both functionality and aesthetics. One such element that has garnered attention in recent years is the galvanised grid. This robust framework, widely used in various applications, embodies the perfect balance of strength, sustainability, and versatility.


  • L'aviation moderne, en particulier les opérations héliportées, exige des normes de sécurité maximales. Un des aspects cruciaux de cette sécurité est la conception des plates-formes héliportées. Parmi les innovations récentes dans ce domaine, le « rope helideck mesh » attire l'attention. Cette solution novatrice combine robustesse et légèreté, permettant une sécurité accrue pour les opérations aériennes.


  • Plataformas de Grelha de Aço Versatilidade e Segurança


  • Carbon steel bar grating is a versatile and durable material commonly used in industrial and commercial settings for its strength and corrosion resistance. This type of grating is constructed from carbon steel and can be welded, riveted, or pressure-locked to create a strong and stable surface for walkways, platforms, and other applications. It provides excellent load-bearing capabilities and is suitable for heavy-duty use in environments where strength and safety are paramount. The popularity of carbon steel bar grating also stems from its affordability and low maintenance requirements, making it a cost-effective choice for a wide range of industries.

  • Αλουμινένια Δάπεδα Συγκράτησης


  • Smart Screens: Smart screens are equipped with sensors and monitoring systems that provide real-time data on screen performance. This data can be used to optimize separation processes

  • Applications of 19% 204% Bar Grating


    19 4 bar grating

    19
  • Aluminiowe kratki to popularny wybór w wielu branżach ze względu na swoje unikalne właściwości, takie jak lekkość, odporność na korozję oraz wszechstronność zastosowania. W artykule tym omówimy specyfikacje dotyczące aluminiowych krat oraz ich zalety, co może pomóc w dokonaniu właściwego wyboru przy planowaniu projektów budowlanych i inżynieryjnych.


  • What is an Industrial Shaker Screen?


  • Maintenance is another vital aspect when considering flooring options. Heavy-duty steel grating requires minimal upkeep – periodic cleaning and inspections are all that is needed to ensure its longevity and performance. This low-maintenance characteristic helps reduce overall operational costs, making it an economically sound choice for businesses.


  • .
  • Thanh gạch được sử dụng rộng rãi trong nhiều lĩnh vực, từ xây dựng công nghiệp, thương mại đến các ứng dụng dân dụng. Một số ứng dụng tiêu biểu bao gồm


  • Výběr vhodného typu galvanizovaného roštu závisí na specifických potřebách projektu, včetně požadovaného zatížení, typu prostředí a estetických preferencí. Existuje mnoho variant, včetně různých velikostí otvorů a povrchových úprav, které dovolují maximální flexibilitu při návrhu.


  • Resistenza alla Corrosione


  • Installasjonen av tykkfarget sveiset stangrist er også enkel og effektiv. Den kan tilpasses ulike bygningstyper og er lett å montere på både nye og eksisterende strukturer. Dette gir fleksibilitet i design og gjør det bedre egnet for prosjekter med spesifikke krav. I tillegg kommer stangristen i forskjellige dimensjoner og mønstre, noe som gir mulighet for kreativ tilpasning i utforming og estetikk.


    heavy-duty welded bar grating

    heavy-duty
  • .
  • மெட்டல் கிரேட் என்பது பொதுவாக உறுதியான உலோகத்தை அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்டது. இதன் மேலே உள்ள ஆக்க கனிகள், மழையால் கெடுவதற்கான குறைவான வாய்ப்பை வழங்குகின்றன. இதனைக் காணும்போது, ட்ரெய்லர் பயன்பாட்டின்போது ஏற்படும் சமயங்களில் பழுதுபார்க்கும் மற்றும் பிழைகளை சரிசெய்யும் வேலைகள் குறுகினார் என்று காணலாம்.


  • La taille et le design des grilles influencent également leur prix. Les grilles sur mesure, qui répondent à des spécifications particulières, sont souvent plus coûteuses que les modèles standard. Cela est dû au processus de fabrication plus complexe et à des coûts supplémentaires liés à la conception et à la production. Par ailleurs, des fonctionnalités spécifiques comme des traitements de surface pour améliorer la résistance à la corrosion ou des motifs décoratifs peuvent également augmenter le prix.


    metal grating price

    metal
  • There are several types of trench drain grates available on the market, including


  • نکته دیگر اینکه، این نوع پله‌ها معمولاً نیاز به حداقل نگهداری دارند. تمیز کردن و حفظ ظاهر آن‌ها بسیار آسان است، که این خود مزیتی بزرگ برای مکان‌های عمومی و تجاری است.


  • Typen von Stahlgitterrosten


  • Galvanized Steel Bar Grating Uses and Benefits

  • Với sự phát triển không ngừng của công nghệ, vân răng 19w4% hứa hẹn sẽ mang lại nhiều tiềm năng hơn nữa trong tương lai. Các nhà nghiên cứu đang tiếp tục cải tiến thiết kế và tính năng của nó, nhằm tạo ra những loại vân răng với hiệu suất quang học cao hơn, ứng dụng trong các hệ thống cảm biến tinh vi hơn hay trong các nghiên cứu khoa học cơ bản.


  • Due to its non-perishability, pests are kept out. You can rely on steel whether in high temperatures, extreme cold, strong winds or heavy rain.