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Duan et al. administered 125 mg/kg BW or 250 mg/kg BW of anatase TiO2 (5 nm) intragastrically to mice continuously for 30 days. The exposed mice lost body weight, whereas the relative liver, kidney, spleen and thymus weights increased. Particles seriously affected the haemostasis of the blood and the immune system. The decrease in the immune response could be the result of damage to the spleen, which is the largest immune organ in animals and plays an important role in the immune response. Powel et al. demonstrated that TiO2 NPs may trigger immune reactions of the intestine after oral intake. They showed that TiO2 NPs conjugated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, but not TiO2 NPs or lipopolysaccharide alone, trigger the immune response in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in isolated intestinal tissue. This indicates that TiO2 NPs may be important mediators in overcoming normal gut-cell hyporesponsiveness to endogenous luminal molecules, which may be particularly relevant to patients with inflammatory bowel disease, which is characterized by an abnormal intestinal permeability.

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In vitro, in the hemocytes of the marine mussel Mytilus hemocytes, suspension of TiO2 NPs (Degussa P25, 10 μg/ml) stimulated immune and inflammatory responses, such as lysozyme release, oxidative burst and nitric oxide production. Vevers and Jha demonstrated the intrinsic genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of TiO2 NPs on a fish-cell line derived from rainbow-trout gonadal tissue (RTG-2 cells) after 24 h of exposure to 50 μg/ml. Reeves et al. demonstrated a significant increase in the level of oxidative DNA damage in goldfish cells, and suggested that damage could not repaired by DNA repair mechanisms. Another suggestion from the mentioned study was that hydroxyl radicals are generated also in the absence of UV light. It has been shown that fish cells are generally more susceptible to toxic/oxidative injury than mammalian cells.

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Tronox Limited is another top TiO2 factory that is known for its premium quality products and innovative technology. With manufacturing facilities in North America, Europe, and Australia, Tronox is a leading producer of titanium dioxide pigments that are used in a wide range of applications, including paints, plastics, and paper. Tronox's TiO2 products are renowned for their superior performance, durability, and color consistency, making them a top choice for manufacturers seeking high-quality pigments.

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Lithopone, a zinc sulfide-based white pigment, has been used for over a century due to its excellent hiding power, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, concerns about its potential toxicity have led to a gradual decline in its use. In contrast, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has emerged as a popular alternative due to its superior whiteness, high refractive index, and strong UV protection properties.

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Suppliers of printing inks recognize the value of incorporating R-906 rutile titanium dioxide into their formulations. By doing so, they can offer their clients inks of higher quality that meet stringent performance standards. The pigment's lightfastness and weatherability are particularly crucial for applications requiring outdoor exposure, such as billboards and vehicle wraps, where resistance to UV radiation and extreme temperatures is imperative.

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In conclusion, titanium dioxide powder is a versatile material with a wide range of applications in various industries. Reliable suppliers of high-quality titanium dioxide powder are vital for the success of manufacturers who rely on this material. By choosing suppliers who can provide consistent, high-quality titanium dioxide powder, businesses can ensure the performance, quality, and safety of their products.

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