TiO2 NPs appeared to be more toxic to nematode Caenorhabditis elegans than submicron-sized TiO2. At a concentration of 1 mg/l, 7 nm particles affected its fertility and survival rate and were more toxic than 20 nm anatase particles. Similarly, Hu et al. showed that rutile particles (10–20 nm), at concentrations above 1 g/kg soil, can be bio-accumulated in earthworms, where they induce oxidative stress, inhibit the activity of cellulase and induce DNA and mitochondrial damage.
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As consumers become increasingly conscious about their impact on the environment, they are actively seeking out these products, leading to increased demand for sustainable titanium dioxide solutions As consumers become increasingly conscious about their impact on the environment, they are actively seeking out these products, leading to increased demand for sustainable titanium dioxide solutions