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Titanium oxide rutile, a naturally occurring mineral form of titanium dioxide (TiO2), is highly valued for its exceptional chemical stability, excellent refractive index, and remarkable ability to withstand high temperatures. These properties make it an indispensable material in various industries ranging from paints and coatings to advanced ceramics and even in solar cells. The demand for titanium oxide rutile has spurred the growth of numerous manufacturers dedicated to producing high-quality TiO2 products.

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Zinc oxide. Zinc oxide is a popular cross-linking agent for rubber and for various resins. It is essential in the formulation of solvent-borne polychloroprene adhesives. Furthermore, zinc oxide is a good UV stabilizer, has biocidal activity and has a relatively high refractive index (2.0) which makes it an efficient white pigment. Some typical properties are: density 5.6 g/cm3; particle size 0.036-3 μm; oil absorption 10–20 g/100 g; specific surface area 10–45 m2/g. Zinc oxide is produced by reaction of the metal in the vapour state with oxygen. Zinc oxide is nonporous and is quite pure. Thus, the high surface area of some grades is due to the small particle size of zinc oxide. Some grades, especially for use in the rubber industry, are surface modified by deposition of 0.2-0.4% of stearic acid, propionic acid, or light oil [47].

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