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Moreover, NIOSH has also delved into the emerging field of nanotechnology, where TiO2 nanoparticles find applications in sunscreens, self-cleaning surfaces, and air purification systems. These nanoparticles can have different toxicological properties than their bulk counterparts, necessitating a more nuanced approach to risk assessment These nanoparticles can have different toxicological properties than their bulk counterparts, necessitating a more nuanced approach to risk assessment These nanoparticles can have different toxicological properties than their bulk counterparts, necessitating a more nuanced approach to risk assessment These nanoparticles can have different toxicological properties than their bulk counterparts, necessitating a more nuanced approach to risk assessmentniosh titanium dioxide. NIOSH has published guidelines and hazard evaluations to address potential exposure risks and promote safe handling practices.

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In a 2020 study published in the Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, researchers conducted an in vitro experiment to analyze the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on a human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell line. The scientists evaluated “reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptosis, cellular antioxidant response, endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy.” The results showed that exposure to the nanoparticles “induced ROS generation in a dose dependent manner, with values reaching up to 10 fold those of controls. Nrf2 nuclear localization and autophagy also increased in a dose dependent manner. Apoptosis increased by 4- to 10-fold compared to the control group, depending on the dose employed.” 

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In conclusion, China's titanium dioxide industry, while contributing significantly to the economy, is also confronted with the challenge of sustainable water management. The combination of strict regulations, technological innovation, and green chemistry initiatives is shaping the future of this sector, ensuring responsible production and the preservation of water resources. As the industry continues to evolve, it is crucial to maintain a balance between economic growth and environmental protection, harnessing the potential of TiO2 for both industrial use and environmental remediation.

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