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In a study published in the journal Toxicology, researchers examined the effects of exposing human colon cancer cell line (HTC116) titanium dioxide food additives in vitro. “In the absence of cytotoxicity, E171 was accumulated in the cells after 24 hours of exposure, increasing granularity and reactive oxygen species, inducing alterations in the molecular pattern of nucleic acids and lipids, and causing nuclei enlargement, DNA damage and tubulin depolymerization,” the scientists wrote. Researchers removed the additive from the culture, then examined the results 48 hours later. They found, “The removal of E171 was unable to revert the alterations found after 24 h of exposure in colon cells. In conclusion, exposure to E171 causes alterations that cannot be reverted after 48 h if E171 is removed from colon cells.”

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In the realm of pigments, titanium dioxide's ability to reflect light across the visible spectrum makes it an ideal candidate for brightening products. It is widely used in paints, plastics, paper, inks, food coloring, and cosmetics. The addition of TiO2 not only enhances the whiteness but also improves the durability and opacity of these materials. Moreover, its non-toxic nature ensures that it can be safely used in products that come into direct contact with humans, such as food colorants and cosmetics.

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