china tio2 used for paints and inks
However, TiO2 does have some drawbacks. It is generally more expensive than lithopone and may not be as environmentally friendly It is generally more expensive than lithopone and may not be as environmentally friendly
...
2025-08-14 07:36
2793
...
2025-08-14 07:06
1647
In food products, E171 is not a singular ingredient; it’s always combined with other ingredients (e.g., proteins and fats) in the food product. Digesting food is a slow process for the body compared to drinking a beverage, which passes much faster through the body.
...
2025-08-14 06:44
418
...
2025-08-14 06:38
1411
Pureté : 99%
...
2025-08-14 06:25
2270
...
2025-08-14 06:23
2237
References
...
2025-08-14 05:58
1943
...
2025-08-14 05:56
1904
One of the primary reasons for the popularity of titanium dioxide is its excellent whiteness and opacity. It has a high refractive index, which means it can scatter light very effectively, making it an ideal choice for creating bright, vibrant colors. In addition, titanium dioxide is highly resistant to weathering and fading, making it a durable pigment that can withstand extreme conditions.
...
2025-08-14 05:50
2573
- The Timeless Elegance of Ornamental Iron Posts
Cast iron fences are also more affordable. Some ornate cast iron fences may have accents such as arches, gates, or seats in addition to their already stunning look. The purpose of these additions is to enhance further the aesthetic appeal of the area that surrounds the fence.
When shopping for an ideal aluminum profile for windows and doors, you need to factor in several elements.
- It is a highly secure method of enclosing a property.
At the forefront of any storage solution is its ability to keep valuables safe. Metal storage lock boxes greatly enhance security through their robust construction. Made from durable materials such as galvanized steel or aluminum, these boxes are resistant to rust, impact, and tampering. The addition of a lock hasp further elevates security by enabling the use of a padlock, allowing users to select a locking mechanism that best fits their security needs. Whether it’s for storing important documents, tools, or valuable collectibles, the metal storage lock box offers peace of mind with its strong security features.
In addition to their design and fabrication services, Architectural Iron Company also offers restoration and repair services for historical ironwork. They understand the importance of preserving and maintaining these architectural treasures, and work diligently to ensure that they retain their original beauty and integrity.
- Custom Craftsman – makes a statement
- Overall, cast iron collars are a versatile and reliable option for industries that require strong and durable pipe connections. While they may have some drawbacks, their many benefits far outweigh any potential drawbacks. With proper care and maintenance, cast iron collars can provide years of reliable service, making them a valuable investment for any business.
- When purchasing a metal cash box with a lock, there are a few key features to consider. Look for a box with a sturdy handle for easy carrying, as well as a secure locking mechanism that is resistant to tampering. It is also important to choose a box that is large enough to accommodate your cash and valuables, but not so bulky that it is difficult to store or transport.
- Maintenance of cast iron fence decorations is relatively simple, requiring only periodic cleaning to keep them looking their best. Regularly inspecting the decorations for signs of rust or damage is also important to ensure their longevity. With proper care, cast iron fence decorations can continue to enhance the beauty of your property for many years.
- In addition to creating custom pieces, wrought iron manufacturers also produce a range of standardized products, such as gates, railings, and lighting fixtures, that can be used in homes, businesses, and public spaces.
- The profile also affects the window's performance in terms of insulation, air leakage, and water penetration
what is a window profile. A well-designed profile will have multiple chambers within the frame to improve thermal efficiency, reducing heat loss in colder climates and preventing excessive heat gain in warmer ones. The seals and weatherstripping around the profile play a critical role in preventing air and water infiltration. How Do You Tell the Difference Between Wrought & Ornamental Iron?
- One of the main benefits of screen slider wheels is their ability to provide effortless movement of the screen. When the wheels are in good condition, the screen can glide smoothly along the track without any resistance. This makes it easier for homeowners to open and close their windows or doors, allowing for better ventilation and access to outdoor spaces.
- Aluminum, as a material, is renowned for its inherent durability and resistance to corrosion. It is this quality that makes aluminum window frames a popular choice, particularly in areas with harsh weather conditions. The lightweight nature of aluminum also allows for ease in handling, installation, and customization, making it a versatile option for various architectural styles and designs.
- The Art of Window and Door Fitting Enhancing Aesthetics and Functionality
- In conclusion, cast iron gate ornaments are more than mere embellishments; they are cultural artefacts, architectural statements, and guardians of our past. They reflect the skill of artisans, the evolution of design trends, and the enduring appeal of traditional craftsmanship. As we step through these ornate portals, we are not just entering a space, but stepping into a story, a piece of history, and a testament to the enduring beauty of cast iron artistry.
- One of the key features of a small metal lock box is its key-based locking mechanism. With the included key, you can easily unlock the box to access your belongings, and then securely lock it back up when you're finished. This simple yet effective method of security provides a level of protection that is both reliable and easy to use.
square or round - In conclusion, 316 stainless steel pull handles are not just functional accessories; they are design statements that reflect a commitment to durability, style, and environmental responsibility. Their combination of form, function, and resilience makes them a preferred choice for architects, interior designers, and homeowners alike. So, whether you're renovating a residential property, upgrading a commercial facility, or constructing a new marine structure, consider the enduring charm and practicality of 316 stainless steel pull handles. They promise to elevate the aesthetic appeal and performance of your spaces for years to come.
Majestic Features: Cast Iron Spear Points
- Environmentally friendly.
- Inside, there is no gold or jewels, no riches to speak of. Instead, it is filled with the detritus of a life well-lived. There are old photographs, their edges curled with age, depicting moments frozen in time. Laughter echoes from these pictures, whispers of joy and youthful exuberance. There are letters, some yellowed with age, their handwriting a testament to past connections, to friendships and loves that have shaped me There are letters, some yellowed with age, their handwriting a testament to past connections, to friendships and loves that have shaped me
There are letters, some yellowed with age, their handwriting a testament to past connections, to friendships and loves that have shaped me There are letters, some yellowed with age, their handwriting a testament to past connections, to friendships and loves that have shaped me
small metal storage box with lock. - When it comes to sliding doors, the track and wheels are essential components that determine the smoothness and ease of operation. The track is the horizontal channel on which the door slides back and forth, while the wheels are the mechanism that allows the door to glide along the track. Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the door opens and closes smoothly and securely.
Aesthetic Appeal
Aluminum profiles for windows and doors refer to aluminum products featuring different section shapes often produced through extrusion process.
Below are just a few of the most frequently asked questions people typically have when weighing iron wrought vs. aluminum fences and steel fences.
- Step 3 Install the New Wheels
- In conclusion, wrought iron gates for sale offer more than just a functional entrance; they are a testament to elegance, durability, and the rich history of artisan craftsmanship. They transform a simple entryway into a grand statement, reflecting your personal style and providing peace of mind with their robust security. So, whether you're upgrading your residential property or seeking a distinctive feature for a commercial space, investing in a beautiful wrought iron gate is a decision that will resonate for generations to come.
In the realm of household utilities, two objects reign supreme the cosulet and the bulb with a base. These seemingly mundane items have become indispensable in our daily lives, playing pivotal roles in providing warmth and illumination. When it comes to materials known for their strength and durability, steel and iron often find themselves at the forefront of the discussion. Both metals have been integral to human civilization, with uses ranging from construction to manufacturing. However, when we delve into the question of which is stronger, steel or iron, the answer is not as straightforward as one might think. Another popular application of cast iron designs is in the creation of ornamental gates and fences. The versatility of cast iron allows for endless design possibilities, from traditional scrollwork to contemporary geometric shapes. Whether used to enclose a garden or define the boundaries of a property, cast iron gates and fences add a touch of charm and sophistication to any space

cast iron designs.
Thermal break profiles with polyamide strips are therefore a logical choice. They not only contribute to your living comfort, but also to your health (condensation and mould have no chance). And last but not least, they again help prevent demands on your purse every month because of soaring energy costs.
The design of aluminium window wheels also incorporates noise reduction features, providing a serene and tranquil environment indoors. The smooth rolling motion minimizes friction, thereby reducing operational noise. Furthermore, the wheels are often equipped with seals and gaskets that not only enhance insulation but also prevent dust and moisture infiltration, contributing to a cleaner and healthier living space Furthermore, the wheels are often equipped with seals and gaskets that not only enhance insulation but also prevent dust and moisture infiltration, contributing to a cleaner and healthier living space
Furthermore, the wheels are often equipped with seals and gaskets that not only enhance insulation but also prevent dust and moisture infiltration, contributing to a cleaner and healthier living space Furthermore, the wheels are often equipped with seals and gaskets that not only enhance insulation but also prevent dust and moisture infiltration, contributing to a cleaner and healthier living space
aluminium window wheel. Cast iron square collar is a timeless and robust decorative element that adds a touch of vintage charm to any space. This traditional design features intricate details and a sturdy construction that make it both functional and aesthetically pleasing. Cast iron ornaments have been a popular choice for centuries due to their unique charm and durability. These small, decorative pieces are not only aesthetically pleasing but also serve as functional items in homes, gardens, and other outdoor spaces. Overall, a metal security box for car keys is a practical and effective way to protect your vehicle and belongings from theft. By investing in a high-quality security box, you can enjoy peace of mind knowing that your keys are safe and secure at all times. So why take the risk of leaving your keys vulnerable? Invest in a metal security box today and safeguard your car keys from potential thieves. Another advantage of aluminium sliding wheels is their lightweight nature. Aluminium is a lightweight material, making it easy to handle and install. This makes aluminium sliding wheels a convenient option for DIY enthusiasts or professional installers alike. Despite their lightweight construction, aluminium sliding wheels are still strong enough to support heavy doors or windows without warping or bending.
In food products, E171 is not a singular ingredient; it’s always combined with other ingredients (e.g., proteins and fats) in the food product. Digesting food is a slow process for the body compared to drinking a beverage, which passes much faster through the body.
Pureté : 99%
References
...
2025-08-14 05:56
1904
One of the primary reasons for the popularity of titanium dioxide is its excellent whiteness and opacity. It has a high refractive index, which means it can scatter light very effectively, making it an ideal choice for creating bright, vibrant colors. In addition, titanium dioxide is highly resistant to weathering and fading, making it a durable pigment that can withstand extreme conditions.
...
2025-08-14 05:50
2573
- The Timeless Elegance of Ornamental Iron Posts
Cast iron fences are also more affordable. Some ornate cast iron fences may have accents such as arches, gates, or seats in addition to their already stunning look. The purpose of these additions is to enhance further the aesthetic appeal of the area that surrounds the fence.
When shopping for an ideal aluminum profile for windows and doors, you need to factor in several elements.
- It is a highly secure method of enclosing a property.
At the forefront of any storage solution is its ability to keep valuables safe. Metal storage lock boxes greatly enhance security through their robust construction. Made from durable materials such as galvanized steel or aluminum, these boxes are resistant to rust, impact, and tampering. The addition of a lock hasp further elevates security by enabling the use of a padlock, allowing users to select a locking mechanism that best fits their security needs. Whether it’s for storing important documents, tools, or valuable collectibles, the metal storage lock box offers peace of mind with its strong security features.
In addition to their design and fabrication services, Architectural Iron Company also offers restoration and repair services for historical ironwork. They understand the importance of preserving and maintaining these architectural treasures, and work diligently to ensure that they retain their original beauty and integrity.
- Custom Craftsman – makes a statement
- Overall, cast iron collars are a versatile and reliable option for industries that require strong and durable pipe connections. While they may have some drawbacks, their many benefits far outweigh any potential drawbacks. With proper care and maintenance, cast iron collars can provide years of reliable service, making them a valuable investment for any business.
- When purchasing a metal cash box with a lock, there are a few key features to consider. Look for a box with a sturdy handle for easy carrying, as well as a secure locking mechanism that is resistant to tampering. It is also important to choose a box that is large enough to accommodate your cash and valuables, but not so bulky that it is difficult to store or transport.
- Maintenance of cast iron fence decorations is relatively simple, requiring only periodic cleaning to keep them looking their best. Regularly inspecting the decorations for signs of rust or damage is also important to ensure their longevity. With proper care, cast iron fence decorations can continue to enhance the beauty of your property for many years.
- In addition to creating custom pieces, wrought iron manufacturers also produce a range of standardized products, such as gates, railings, and lighting fixtures, that can be used in homes, businesses, and public spaces.
- The profile also affects the window's performance in terms of insulation, air leakage, and water penetration
what is a window profile. A well-designed profile will have multiple chambers within the frame to improve thermal efficiency, reducing heat loss in colder climates and preventing excessive heat gain in warmer ones. The seals and weatherstripping around the profile play a critical role in preventing air and water infiltration. How Do You Tell the Difference Between Wrought & Ornamental Iron?
- One of the main benefits of screen slider wheels is their ability to provide effortless movement of the screen. When the wheels are in good condition, the screen can glide smoothly along the track without any resistance. This makes it easier for homeowners to open and close their windows or doors, allowing for better ventilation and access to outdoor spaces.
- Aluminum, as a material, is renowned for its inherent durability and resistance to corrosion. It is this quality that makes aluminum window frames a popular choice, particularly in areas with harsh weather conditions. The lightweight nature of aluminum also allows for ease in handling, installation, and customization, making it a versatile option for various architectural styles and designs.
- The Art of Window and Door Fitting Enhancing Aesthetics and Functionality
- In conclusion, cast iron gate ornaments are more than mere embellishments; they are cultural artefacts, architectural statements, and guardians of our past. They reflect the skill of artisans, the evolution of design trends, and the enduring appeal of traditional craftsmanship. As we step through these ornate portals, we are not just entering a space, but stepping into a story, a piece of history, and a testament to the enduring beauty of cast iron artistry.
- One of the key features of a small metal lock box is its key-based locking mechanism. With the included key, you can easily unlock the box to access your belongings, and then securely lock it back up when you're finished. This simple yet effective method of security provides a level of protection that is both reliable and easy to use.
square or round - In conclusion, 316 stainless steel pull handles are not just functional accessories; they are design statements that reflect a commitment to durability, style, and environmental responsibility. Their combination of form, function, and resilience makes them a preferred choice for architects, interior designers, and homeowners alike. So, whether you're renovating a residential property, upgrading a commercial facility, or constructing a new marine structure, consider the enduring charm and practicality of 316 stainless steel pull handles. They promise to elevate the aesthetic appeal and performance of your spaces for years to come.
Majestic Features: Cast Iron Spear Points
- Environmentally friendly.
- Inside, there is no gold or jewels, no riches to speak of. Instead, it is filled with the detritus of a life well-lived. There are old photographs, their edges curled with age, depicting moments frozen in time. Laughter echoes from these pictures, whispers of joy and youthful exuberance. There are letters, some yellowed with age, their handwriting a testament to past connections, to friendships and loves that have shaped me There are letters, some yellowed with age, their handwriting a testament to past connections, to friendships and loves that have shaped me
There are letters, some yellowed with age, their handwriting a testament to past connections, to friendships and loves that have shaped me There are letters, some yellowed with age, their handwriting a testament to past connections, to friendships and loves that have shaped me
small metal storage box with lock. - When it comes to sliding doors, the track and wheels are essential components that determine the smoothness and ease of operation. The track is the horizontal channel on which the door slides back and forth, while the wheels are the mechanism that allows the door to glide along the track. Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the door opens and closes smoothly and securely.
Aesthetic Appeal
Aluminum profiles for windows and doors refer to aluminum products featuring different section shapes often produced through extrusion process.
Below are just a few of the most frequently asked questions people typically have when weighing iron wrought vs. aluminum fences and steel fences.
- Step 3 Install the New Wheels
- In conclusion, wrought iron gates for sale offer more than just a functional entrance; they are a testament to elegance, durability, and the rich history of artisan craftsmanship. They transform a simple entryway into a grand statement, reflecting your personal style and providing peace of mind with their robust security. So, whether you're upgrading your residential property or seeking a distinctive feature for a commercial space, investing in a beautiful wrought iron gate is a decision that will resonate for generations to come.
In the realm of household utilities, two objects reign supreme the cosulet and the bulb with a base. These seemingly mundane items have become indispensable in our daily lives, playing pivotal roles in providing warmth and illumination. When it comes to materials known for their strength and durability, steel and iron often find themselves at the forefront of the discussion. Both metals have been integral to human civilization, with uses ranging from construction to manufacturing. However, when we delve into the question of which is stronger, steel or iron, the answer is not as straightforward as one might think. Another popular application of cast iron designs is in the creation of ornamental gates and fences. The versatility of cast iron allows for endless design possibilities, from traditional scrollwork to contemporary geometric shapes. Whether used to enclose a garden or define the boundaries of a property, cast iron gates and fences add a touch of charm and sophistication to any space

cast iron designs.
Thermal break profiles with polyamide strips are therefore a logical choice. They not only contribute to your living comfort, but also to your health (condensation and mould have no chance). And last but not least, they again help prevent demands on your purse every month because of soaring energy costs.
The design of aluminium window wheels also incorporates noise reduction features, providing a serene and tranquil environment indoors. The smooth rolling motion minimizes friction, thereby reducing operational noise. Furthermore, the wheels are often equipped with seals and gaskets that not only enhance insulation but also prevent dust and moisture infiltration, contributing to a cleaner and healthier living space Furthermore, the wheels are often equipped with seals and gaskets that not only enhance insulation but also prevent dust and moisture infiltration, contributing to a cleaner and healthier living space
Furthermore, the wheels are often equipped with seals and gaskets that not only enhance insulation but also prevent dust and moisture infiltration, contributing to a cleaner and healthier living space Furthermore, the wheels are often equipped with seals and gaskets that not only enhance insulation but also prevent dust and moisture infiltration, contributing to a cleaner and healthier living space
aluminium window wheel. Cast iron square collar is a timeless and robust decorative element that adds a touch of vintage charm to any space. This traditional design features intricate details and a sturdy construction that make it both functional and aesthetically pleasing. Cast iron ornaments have been a popular choice for centuries due to their unique charm and durability. These small, decorative pieces are not only aesthetically pleasing but also serve as functional items in homes, gardens, and other outdoor spaces. Overall, a metal security box for car keys is a practical and effective way to protect your vehicle and belongings from theft. By investing in a high-quality security box, you can enjoy peace of mind knowing that your keys are safe and secure at all times. So why take the risk of leaving your keys vulnerable? Invest in a metal security box today and safeguard your car keys from potential thieves. Another advantage of aluminium sliding wheels is their lightweight nature. Aluminium is a lightweight material, making it easy to handle and install. This makes aluminium sliding wheels a convenient option for DIY enthusiasts or professional installers alike. Despite their lightweight construction, aluminium sliding wheels are still strong enough to support heavy doors or windows without warping or bending.
One of the primary reasons for the popularity of titanium dioxide is its excellent whiteness and opacity. It has a high refractive index, which means it can scatter light very effectively, making it an ideal choice for creating bright, vibrant colors. In addition, titanium dioxide is highly resistant to weathering and fading, making it a durable pigment that can withstand extreme conditions.
- The Timeless Elegance of Ornamental Iron Posts
Cast iron fences are also more affordable. Some ornate cast iron fences may have accents such as arches, gates, or seats in addition to their already stunning look. The purpose of these additions is to enhance further the aesthetic appeal of the area that surrounds the fence.
When shopping for an ideal aluminum profile for windows and doors, you need to factor in several elements.
- It is a highly secure method of enclosing a property.
At the forefront of any storage solution is its ability to keep valuables safe. Metal storage lock boxes greatly enhance security through their robust construction. Made from durable materials such as galvanized steel or aluminum, these boxes are resistant to rust, impact, and tampering. The addition of a lock hasp further elevates security by enabling the use of a padlock, allowing users to select a locking mechanism that best fits their security needs. Whether it’s for storing important documents, tools, or valuable collectibles, the metal storage lock box offers peace of mind with its strong security features.
In addition to their design and fabrication services, Architectural Iron Company also offers restoration and repair services for historical ironwork. They understand the importance of preserving and maintaining these architectural treasures, and work diligently to ensure that they retain their original beauty and integrity.
- Custom Craftsman – makes a statement
- Overall, cast iron collars are a versatile and reliable option for industries that require strong and durable pipe connections. While they may have some drawbacks, their many benefits far outweigh any potential drawbacks. With proper care and maintenance, cast iron collars can provide years of reliable service, making them a valuable investment for any business.
- When purchasing a metal cash box with a lock, there are a few key features to consider. Look for a box with a sturdy handle for easy carrying, as well as a secure locking mechanism that is resistant to tampering. It is also important to choose a box that is large enough to accommodate your cash and valuables, but not so bulky that it is difficult to store or transport.
- Maintenance of cast iron fence decorations is relatively simple, requiring only periodic cleaning to keep them looking their best. Regularly inspecting the decorations for signs of rust or damage is also important to ensure their longevity. With proper care, cast iron fence decorations can continue to enhance the beauty of your property for many years.
- In addition to creating custom pieces, wrought iron manufacturers also produce a range of standardized products, such as gates, railings, and lighting fixtures, that can be used in homes, businesses, and public spaces.
- The profile also affects the window's performance in terms of insulation, air leakage, and water penetration
what is a window profile. A well-designed profile will have multiple chambers within the frame to improve thermal efficiency, reducing heat loss in colder climates and preventing excessive heat gain in warmer ones. The seals and weatherstripping around the profile play a critical role in preventing air and water infiltration.
How Do You Tell the Difference Between Wrought & Ornamental Iron?
- One of the main benefits of screen slider wheels is their ability to provide effortless movement of the screen. When the wheels are in good condition, the screen can glide smoothly along the track without any resistance. This makes it easier for homeowners to open and close their windows or doors, allowing for better ventilation and access to outdoor spaces.
- Aluminum, as a material, is renowned for its inherent durability and resistance to corrosion. It is this quality that makes aluminum window frames a popular choice, particularly in areas with harsh weather conditions. The lightweight nature of aluminum also allows for ease in handling, installation, and customization, making it a versatile option for various architectural styles and designs.
- The Art of Window and Door Fitting Enhancing Aesthetics and Functionality
- In conclusion, cast iron gate ornaments are more than mere embellishments; they are cultural artefacts, architectural statements, and guardians of our past. They reflect the skill of artisans, the evolution of design trends, and the enduring appeal of traditional craftsmanship. As we step through these ornate portals, we are not just entering a space, but stepping into a story, a piece of history, and a testament to the enduring beauty of cast iron artistry.
- One of the key features of a small metal lock box is its key-based locking mechanism. With the included key, you can easily unlock the box to access your belongings, and then securely lock it back up when you're finished. This simple yet effective method of security provides a level of protection that is both reliable and easy to use.
square or round - In conclusion, 316 stainless steel pull handles are not just functional accessories; they are design statements that reflect a commitment to durability, style, and environmental responsibility. Their combination of form, function, and resilience makes them a preferred choice for architects, interior designers, and homeowners alike. So, whether you're renovating a residential property, upgrading a commercial facility, or constructing a new marine structure, consider the enduring charm and practicality of 316 stainless steel pull handles. They promise to elevate the aesthetic appeal and performance of your spaces for years to come.
Majestic Features: Cast Iron Spear Points- Environmentally friendly.
- Inside, there is no gold or jewels, no riches to speak of. Instead, it is filled with the detritus of a life well-lived. There are old photographs, their edges curled with age, depicting moments frozen in time. Laughter echoes from these pictures, whispers of joy and youthful exuberance. There are letters, some yellowed with age, their handwriting a testament to past connections, to friendships and loves that have shaped me There are letters, some yellowed with age, their handwriting a testament to past connections, to friendships and loves that have shaped me
There are letters, some yellowed with age, their handwriting a testament to past connections, to friendships and loves that have shaped me There are letters, some yellowed with age, their handwriting a testament to past connections, to friendships and loves that have shaped me
small metal storage box with lock.
- When it comes to sliding doors, the track and wheels are essential components that determine the smoothness and ease of operation. The track is the horizontal channel on which the door slides back and forth, while the wheels are the mechanism that allows the door to glide along the track. Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the door opens and closes smoothly and securely.
Aesthetic Appeal
Aluminum profiles for windows and doors refer to aluminum products featuring different section shapes often produced through extrusion process.
Below are just a few of the most frequently asked questions people typically have when weighing iron wrought vs. aluminum fences and steel fences.
- Step 3 Install the New Wheels
- In conclusion, wrought iron gates for sale offer more than just a functional entrance; they are a testament to elegance, durability, and the rich history of artisan craftsmanship. They transform a simple entryway into a grand statement, reflecting your personal style and providing peace of mind with their robust security. So, whether you're upgrading your residential property or seeking a distinctive feature for a commercial space, investing in a beautiful wrought iron gate is a decision that will resonate for generations to come.

cast iron designs.
Thermal break profiles with polyamide strips are therefore a logical choice. They not only contribute to your living comfort, but also to your health (condensation and mould have no chance). And last but not least, they again help prevent demands on your purse every month because of soaring energy costs.

