lithopone is factories

Titanium dioxide is a versatile and widely used compound that is found in various consumer products due to its unique properties. One of the most common uses of titanium dioxide is as a pigment in paints, coatings, and plastics to provide color, opacity, and UV protection. In addition to its use in consumer products, titanium dioxide is also used in the production of various industrial products, such as catalysts, ceramics, and electronic components.

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  • In vitro, in the hemocytes of the marine mussel Mytilus hemocytes, suspension of TiO2 NPs (Degussa P25, 10 μg/ml) stimulated immune and inflammatory responses, such as lysozyme release, oxidative burst and nitric oxide production. Vevers and Jha demonstrated the intrinsic genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of TiO2 NPs on a fish-cell line derived from rainbow-trout gonadal tissue (RTG-2 cells) after 24 h of exposure to 50 μg/ml. Reeves et al. demonstrated a significant increase in the level of oxidative DNA damage in goldfish cells, and suggested that damage could not repaired by DNA repair mechanisms. Another suggestion from the mentioned study was that hydroxyl radicals are generated also in the absence of UV light. It has been shown that fish cells are generally more susceptible to toxic/oxidative injury than mammalian cells.