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In order to contribute with experimental evidence that could help to achieve a better understanding of the field for future regulation, in the present work, the biocompatibility of commercial P25TiO2NPs (one type of TiO2NPs used in sunscreen formulations) and two novel functionalized P25TiO2NPs were evaluated under solar simulated irradiation. White light, generated by red, blue, and yellow LEDs, together with UV ones, was chosen to simulate the solar spectra. Functionalization of TiO2NPs was made with antioxidant vitamins in order to prevent the expected photo-initiated ROS production when nanoparticles are exposed to the simulated solar spectra. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) and vitamin C were chosen to carry out the functionalization because they are water-soluble, low-cost, and are a constitutive part of biological processes. In addition, it is known that both have the potential to prevent macromolecular oxidation by ROS [23][24][25][26].

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In conclusion, the versatility and biocompatibility of titanium dioxide make it a promising material for various medical applications. Its photocatalytic, antioxidant, and drug delivery properties make it a valuable tool for developing new treatments and preventing diseases. As research continues to explore the potential of titanium dioxide in medicine, we can expect to see more innovative uses of this remarkable compound in the years to come.

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Moreover, NIOSH has also delved into the emerging field of nanotechnology, where TiO2 nanoparticles find applications in sunscreens, self-cleaning surfaces, and air purification systems. These nanoparticles can have different toxicological properties than their bulk counterparts, necessitating a more nuanced approach to risk assessment These nanoparticles can have different toxicological properties than their bulk counterparts, necessitating a more nuanced approach to risk assessment These nanoparticles can have different toxicological properties than their bulk counterparts, necessitating a more nuanced approach to risk assessment These nanoparticles can have different toxicological properties than their bulk counterparts, necessitating a more nuanced approach to risk assessmentniosh titanium dioxide. NIOSH has published guidelines and hazard evaluations to address potential exposure risks and promote safe handling practices.

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