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In vitro, in the hemocytes of the marine mussel Mytilus hemocytes, suspension of TiO2 NPs (Degussa P25, 10 μg/ml) stimulated immune and inflammatory responses, such as lysozyme release, oxidative burst and nitric oxide production. Vevers and Jha demonstrated the intrinsic genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of TiO2 NPs on a fish-cell line derived from rainbow-trout gonadal tissue (RTG-2 cells) after 24 h of exposure to 50 μg/ml. Reeves et al. demonstrated a significant increase in the level of oxidative DNA damage in goldfish cells, and suggested that damage could not repaired by DNA repair mechanisms. Another suggestion from the mentioned study was that hydroxyl radicals are generated also in the absence of UV light. It has been shown that fish cells are generally more susceptible to toxic/oxidative injury than mammalian cells.

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In conclusion, rutile titanium dioxide is a versatile and effective white pigment that is in high demand in various industries. When purchasing rutile titanium dioxide for sale, be sure to choose a reputable supplier, consider the quality and price of the product, determine the quantity needed, and select the appropriate grade for your application. By following these guidelines, you can ensure that you are purchasing a high-quality product that will meet your needs and expectations.

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