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In a review published in 2022 in the journal Archives of Toxicologyresearchers found that the ingestion of E171 is a “a definite health risk for consumers and their progeny.” After reviewing dozens of in vivoex vivo and in vitro studies on the toxicity of E171, the researchers wrote that two facts must be noted: “First, reprotoxicity studies show that animals of both sexes are impacted by the toxicity of these nanoparticles, underlining the importance of conducting in vivo studies using both male and female animals. Second, human exposure begins in utero via maternal-fetal transfer and continues after birth by breastfeeding. Children are then chronically re-exposed due to their food preferences. To be relevant to the human in vivo situation, experimental studies should therefore consider nanoparticle exposure with respect to the age or life period of the studied population.”

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Moreover, the influence of international trade policies and geopolitical factors cannot be understated. Changes in import tariffs or export restrictions can significantly affect the cost of raw materials, thereby impacting the operational budgets of rutile factories. To mitigate these risks, many factories have started to explore opportunities for vertical integration, either by acquiring mines or establishing long-term contracts with suppliers To mitigate these risks, many factories have started to explore opportunities for vertical integration, either by acquiring mines or establishing long-term contracts with suppliers To mitigate these risks, many factories have started to explore opportunities for vertical integration, either by acquiring mines or establishing long-term contracts with suppliers To mitigate these risks, many factories have started to explore opportunities for vertical integration, either by acquiring mines or establishing long-term contracts with suppliersrutile market factory.

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Zinc oxide. Zinc oxide is a popular cross-linking agent for rubber and for various resins. It is essential in the formulation of solvent-borne polychloroprene adhesives. Furthermore, zinc oxide is a good UV stabilizer, has biocidal activity and has a relatively high refractive index (2.0) which makes it an efficient white pigment. Some typical properties are: density 5.6 g/cm3; particle size 0.036-3 μm; oil absorption 10–20 g/100 g; specific surface area 10–45 m2/g. Zinc oxide is produced by reaction of the metal in the vapour state with oxygen. Zinc oxide is nonporous and is quite pure. Thus, the high surface area of some grades is due to the small particle size of zinc oxide. Some grades, especially for use in the rubber industry, are surface modified by deposition of 0.2-0.4% of stearic acid, propionic acid, or light oil [47].

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