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In conclusion, the determination of sulfate as TiO2 is a specialized field requiring careful selection of analytical methods. Whether through classical gravimetric analysis, titrimetric procedures, or modern instrumental techniques, each method presents its own set of challenges and benefits. Accuracy, precision, and the context of analysis guide the choice of methodology in ensuring that TiO2 meets the desired specifications for various applications. As science progresses, so too does our ability to measure and control the quality of materials like TiO2, ensuring their safe and effective use across industries.

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While IARC listed titanium dioxide as “possibly carcinogenic to humans,” they also add that “there is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of titanium dioxide.” Of the four human studies that they reviewed, only one showed a potential risk for occupational workers inhaling titanium dioxide particles and lung cancer, while the other three showed no risk for cancer at all. And it’s key to note that IARC did not assess the effects of titanium dioxide found in foods.

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