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Despite these advancements, the pigment lithopone industry faced competition from alternative pigments like titanium dioxide, which offered similar properties at a lower cost. This competition forced many factories to adapt or risk closure This competition forced many factories to adapt or risk closure This competition forced many factories to adapt or risk closure This competition forced many factories to adapt or risk closurepigment lithopone factories. Some chose to specialize in niche markets where lithopone's unique characteristics were highly valued, while others focused on improving their production processes to reduce costs.

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Scientists analyzed research that examined how titanium dioxide nanoparticles interact with the brain for a 2015 review published in Nanoscale Research Letters. The researchers wrote: “Once the TiO2 NPs are translocated into the central nervous system through [certain] pathways, they may accumulate in the brain regions. For their slow elimination rates, those NPs could remain in the brain zones for a long period, and the Ti contents would gradually increase with repeated exposure.” After reviewing dozens of studies, the scientists concluded: “Long-term or chronic exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles could potentially lead to the gradually increased Ti contents in the brain, which may eventually induce impairments on the neurons and glial cells and lead to CNS dysfunction as a consequence.”

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