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2: Clarification mechanism of coagulant

Chemical coagulation is a process in which chemical agents (coagulants) are added to water treatment to make colloidal dispersion system destabilize and agglomerate. In the coagulation process, small suspended particles and colloidal impurities are aggregated into larger solid particles to separate particulate impurities from water, which is called coagulation clarification.

After adding coagulant into water, colloidal particles and other small particles can be polymerized into larger flocs through the comprehensive action of mixing, coagulation and flocculation. The whole process of coagulation and flocculation is called coagulation.

(1) Destabilization and condensation of colloids

Adding electrolyte to water can compress the electric double layer and destabilize the colloid. The main mechanism is that the electric double layer of colloidal particles in water is compressed or neutralized by adding aluminum salt or iron salt coagulant. The coagulant and raw water are mixed rapidly and evenly, and a series of chemical reactions are produced to destabilize. This process takes a short time, generally about 1 min. Some cationic polymers can also play a role in the destabilization and condensation of colloids in water. These polymers have a long chain structure and positive charge in water. Their destabilization and condensation of colloids in water is due to the interaction of van der Waals force adsorption and electrostatic attraction.

(2) Flocculation and formation of floc (alum)

The particle size of the initial flocculate formed by colloid destabilization and coagulation in water is generally more than 1 m. at this time, Brownian motion can no longer push them to collide and form larger particles. In order to make the initial flocs collide with each other to form large flocs, it is necessary to input additional energy into the water to produce a velocity gradient. Sometimes it is necessary to add organic polymer flocculant into water, and the adsorption bridging effect of long chain molecules of flocculant is used to improve the probability of collision and adhesion. Flocculation efficiency usually increases with the increase of flocculate concentration and flocculation time.

Compared with polyaluminum chloride, polyaluminum chloride has the advantages of high density, fast settling speed and wide pH adaptability; the coagulation effect is less affected by temperature than that of polyaluminum sulfate; however, when adding ferric salt, it should be noted that when the equipment is not in normal operation, the iron ions will make the effluent color, and may pollute the subsequent desalination equipment.

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In conclusion, titanium dioxide is an essential ingredient in the production of high-quality paper products, helping to ensure that papers are not only visually appealing but also durable and long-lasting. Its versatility and effectiveness make it a popular choice for paper manufacturers looking to enhance the performance and aesthetics of their products. Whether used in coated papers, specialty papers, or archival papers, titanium dioxide continues to be a key component in the success of the paper industry.

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4. DuPont DuPont is a global science and technology company that produces a wide range of products, including TiO2. The company operates several production facilities worldwide and offers a variety of TiO2 products, including rutile, anatase, and speciality grades. DuPont is known for its commitment to innovation and sustainability and continuously invests in research and development to improve the performance and environmental profile of its TiO2 products.

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The synergy between talc and titanium dioxide is particularly evident in the manufacturing of plastics. When these two minerals are added to plastic formulations, they can improve the strength, impact resistance, and heat stability of the final product. This is because talc acts as a filler, filling the spaces between polymer molecules, while titanium dioxide enhances the polymer's molecular structure, making it more resistant to external stresses.

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  • What is a Hybrid Inverter?


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