titanium dioxide cost suppliers. If there are multiple suppliers offering similar products, they may need to adjust their prices to attract customers. This can lead to price wars and fluctuations in the cost of titanium dioxide. Additionally, suppliers may offer discounts or incentives to customers in order to secure long-term contracts and maintain a steady revenue stream.The vitaminC@P25TiO2NPs, on the other hand, were obtained through an optimized method based on Mallakpour et al. [27]. Initially, 0.02 g of P25TiO2NPs were dispersed in 1 mL of ultrapure water and stirred in a Vortex. Next, 100 μL of HCl (0.01 M) were added (pH 2) to 100 uL of P25TiO2NPs to avoid gel formation. Then, 100 μL of vitamin C dissolved in ultra-pure water (5.0 × 10−3 M) solution were added to the mixture and was ultrasonicated for 30 min. Finally, vitamin C was added in excess to gain a beige-orange color suspension, and the ultrasonication continued for another 30 min. The pellet obtained after centrifuging the suspension for 10 min at 4500 rpm was resuspended in ultrapure water, centrifuged again, and then lyophilized.