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For a review published in 2023 in the journal Environmental Pollution, researchers examined E171 as a possible factor promoting obesity-related metabolic disorders. Because gut microbiota play an important role in immune function maintenance and development, and because titanium dioxide as a food additive has been shown to alter gut microbiota, researchers wanted to review “the dysregulations along the gut microbiota-immune system axis after oral TiO2 exposure compared to those reported in obese or diabetic patients, and to highlight potential mechanisms by which foodborne TiO2 nanoparticles may increase the susceptibility to develop obesity-related metabolic disorders.” The study authors discovered recurrent changes in the gut microbiota composition when exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles, with an imbalance of intestinal symbiotic microbiota. These changes and imbalances were also reported and played a role in the development of obesity, the authors wrote. This highlights “foodborne TiO2 nanoparticles as an endocrine disruptor-like chemical promoting obesity-related disorders,” the authors concluded.

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The safety of food-grade titanium dioxide, or E171, lies in its ultrafine particle size. These particles are too small to be absorbed by the human body, passing through the digestive system without causing harm. Extensive research has been conducted to confirm this, with studies showing no evidence of genotoxicity or carcinogenicity. However, recent concerns about potential effects from nano-sized particles have led to ongoing evaluations However, recent concerns about potential effects from nano-sized particles have led to ongoing evaluations However, recent concerns about potential effects from nano-sized particles have led to ongoing evaluations However, recent concerns about potential effects from nano-sized particles have led to ongoing evaluationsfood safe titanium dioxide.

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