Within these broad categories, there are further sub-classifications based on the end products produced. For instance, some factories specialize in producing fine ground calcium carbonate (FGCC), commonly used in paper, paint, and plastic industries due to its filler properties. Others focus on producing coated calcium carbonate, where the particles are coated with stearic acid or other substances to enhance dispersion and performance in applications like adhesives and sealants Others focus on producing coated calcium carbonate, where the particles are coated with stearic acid or other substances to enhance dispersion and performance in applications like adhesives and sealants
- The preferred solution is: in the leaching step, each cubic meter of ammonia-ammonium sulfate solution is added 0. 05kg~0. 1kg of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate reduces the surface energy of the solution .
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- In conclusion, TiO2 plays a pivotal role in pigment manufacturing due to its unparalleled combination of brightness, stability, and safety. Its integration into industrial processes has led to significant advancements in product quality and sustainability while addressing growing concerns over health risks associated with certain materials. As technology evolves and new applications emerge, TiO2 is poised to remain an essential component for pigment manufacturers seeking to deliver high-performance products that exceed customer expectations and regulatory standards alike.
- In the vast and dynamic landscape of global industry, China has carved out a niche for itself as a leader in manufacturing and production. One such example is found within the realm of lithopone, a vital component used extensively in paints, plastics, and other industrial applications. The quality of Chinese lithopone, often underscored by its consistency and reliability, is a reflection of the nation's commitment to innovation and sustainability.
- Titanium dioxide is a naturally occurring mineral that has been used in various industries for centuries. In sunscreens, titanium dioxide acts as a physical blocker, reflecting and scattering UV rays away from the skin. It is considered to be one of the most effective UV filters available and is approved by the FDA for use in sunscreens.
But in the U.S., titanium dioxide is found all over the grocery shelves. Candy like Skittles, Starbursts, and Jell-O, gum like Trident White peppermint gum and Mentos Freshmint Gum, cake products like Duncan Hines Creamy Vanilla Frosting, and Nabisco Chips Ahoy! cookies are just a few of the myriad food items that contain the additive.
A 2023 study published in the journal Particle and Fibre Toxicology set out to examine the impact of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mice “on the course and prognosis of ulcerative colitis,” by creating an ulcerative colitis disease model. Researchers found that the titanium dioxide nanoparticles significantly increased the severity of colitis. They also “decreased the body weight, increased the disease activity index and colonic mucosa damage index scores, shortened the colonic length, increased the inflammatory infiltration in the colon.” Researchers concluded: “Oral intake of TiO2 nanoparticles could affect the course of acute colitis in exacerbating the development of ulcerative colitis, prolonging the ulcerative colitis course and inhibiting ulcerative colitis recovery.”
TiO2 comes in many different forms. However, only a few of these forms are considered food-grade (acceptable to be added to food). Many studies that raised concern about the safety of TiO2, including the concern for genotoxicity, used forms of TiO2 that are not considered acceptable for use in food and have different properties than food-grade TiO2. Other studies did use food-grade TiO2, but took steps to break the material down into smaller particles than what would normally be found in food.
- In the pigment industry, rutile titanium dioxide is widely used due to its brightness and extremely high refractive index, which provides excellent hiding power in paints, plastics, paper, inks, fibers, and foods. It is the most common white pigment because of its non-toxicity, stability, and ability to reflect all colors of light equally. The use of rutile titanium dioxide in paint formulations ensures long-lasting, vibrant colors that are resistant to fading caused by exposure to sunlight.
- Ralston, O.C. (1921). Electrolytic Deposition and Hydrometallurgy of Zinc. New York: McGraw Hill..
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- The photocatalytic properties of rutile titanium dioxide make it an important material in environmental applications
titanium oxide rutile. When exposed to ultraviolet light, it can catalyze reactions that break down organic pollutants into carbon dioxide and water, thereby helping to purify air and water. This feature is utilized in self-cleaning surfaces, air purification systems, and even in the development of certain antimicrobial products.
- Furthermore, DEF Enterprises, with their state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities, have carved a niche in the market by offering premium-grade B101 Anatase TiO2 powder. Their focus on research and development has led to the creation of specialized formulations that enhance the photocatalytic properties of the material, contributing significantly to the advancement of green technologies.
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In the meantime, some big manufacturers boosted their product pricing to better their margins, such as Venator, which increased its titanium dioxide prices by roughly 160 USD /MT for the third quarter of 2021 in the North America region. Overall, prices for Anatase grade in the United States hovered about 3485 USD /MT through the end of June.
The FDA first approved the use of titanium dioxide in food in 1966, following its 1960 removal (along with the removal of other color additives) from the agency's original Generally Recognized as Safe list. In 1977, titanium dioxide joined the list of color additives that are exempt from certification, which means titanium dioxide doesn't have to be listed on the packaging of every product it's used in, Faber noted.

Exposure routes are the pathways that allow ingredients to enter our bodies. Primary exposure routes include:
Titanium dioxide R-5566 can be widely used in indoor and outdoor coatings, latex paints, powder coatings, inks, papermaking, rubber, plastics, masterbatches.
Lithopone or sulphide of zinc white has been in general use for twenty years or more in many industries where a white pigment of considerable body or hiding power is required that is not subject to change like lead carbonate and has not the brittle character of zinc oxide, besides being sold at a lower figure than either of these. Nevertheless it is still comparatively new to the general painting trade. Because of our tariff protection its manufacture in this country has made great progress. Yet in spite of this and the duty imposed on it, the imports are still in excess of the quantity manufactured here. A short history of its origin will no doubt prove of interest to our readers.
Titanium dioxide is used in a wide range of food products and consumer goods – from candy to sunscreen and house paint. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration maintains that the regulated use of titanium dioxide, specifically as a color additive in food, is safe under some restrictions.


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As a food additive, titanium dioxide and its nanoparticles in particular have been associated with DNA damage and cell mutations, which in turn, have potential to cause cancer. When used as a food coloring, it is known as E171.
There are two primary forms of titanium dioxide commercially available: anatase and rutile. The rutile form is typically used in sunscreens due to its superior ability to handle UV rays and stability in the presence of UV light. The anatase form is typically used in other types of products, such as paint. Another plus of the rutile form is that its UVA protection extends past 400 nanometers, which is the upper limit of UVA.
It is suitable as an alternative to titanium dioxide when higher acid resistance is required, such as in adhesive joints and sealants.
Assessment of skin penetration and biohazard in vivo
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