Freshwater algae show low-to-moderate susceptibility to TiO2 exposure, with more pronounced toxic effects in the presence of UV irradiation. It has also been shown that nano-sized TiO2 is significantly more toxic to algae Pseudokirchneriella sub-capitata than submicron-sized TiO2. Hund-Rinke and Simon reported that UV irradiated 25 nm TiO2 NPs are more toxic to green freshwater algae Desmodesmus subspicatus than UV irradiated 50 nm particles, which is in agreement with Hartmann et al. UV irradiated TiO2 NPs also inactivated other algae species such as Anabaena, Microcystis, Melsoira and Chroococcus. It was demonstrated that smaller particles have a greater potential to penetrate the cell interior than submicron-sized particles and larger aggregates. Studies have shown that the amount of TiO2 adsorbed on algal cells can be up to 2.3 times their own weight.
Manufacturers of titanium dioxide play a crucial role in meeting the global demand for this versatile substance. They employ advanced manufacturing processes and technologies to produce high-quality titanium dioxide with consistent properties and performance. Many manufacturers also invest in research and development to explore new applications and improve existing products.
Anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a key inorganic compound renowned for its exceptional photocatalytic properties, stability, and versatility in various applications. Among the various crystalline forms of titanium dioxide, anatase is particularly favored in industries ranging from paints and coatings to cosmetics and solar cells. The rise of anatase titanium dioxide manufacturers is a testament to the compound’s increasing importance in modern technology and environmental applications.