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Zhu et al. were the first to provide evidence that TiO2 NPs (21 nm) can transfer from daphnia to zebrafish by dietary exposure. Hence, dietary intake could be a major route of exposure to NPs for high trophic level aquatic organisms. Ecological research should therefore focus, not only on the concentration of NPs in the environment, but also on its bioconcentration, bioaccumulation and biomagnification. In addition it has been shown that TiO2 NPs can increase accumulation of other environmental toxicants: enhanced accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) was found in carp in the presence of TiO2 NPs. The strong adsorption capacity for Cd and As was explained by the large specific surface area and strong electrostatic attraction of TiO2 NPs that contribute to facilitated transport into different organs.

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As we have seen, titanium dioxide is a multifaceted material with a diverse range of applications. From enhancing the aesthetic appeal of products to contributing to groundbreaking medical research and environmental remediation, this compound continues to play a crucial role in modern technology and industry. Its versatility and efficacy have solidified titanium dioxide's position as an indispensable resource in our quest for innovation and improvement across various sectors.

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