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Nano-sized TiO2 generally shows low or no acute toxicity in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, exposure of Daphnia magna to 20 ppm TiO2 for 8 consecutive days was found to cause 40 % mortality. Zhu et al. showed minimal toxicity to D. magna after 48 h exposure, while upon chronic exposure for 21 days, D. magna suffered severe growth retardation and mortality. A significant amount of nano-sized TiO2 was found also accumulated in the body of the animals. Similar findings with coated nano-sized TiO2 (T-Lite™ SF, T-Lite™ SF-S and T-Lite™ MAX; BASF SE) were reported by Wiench et al. Biochemical measurements showed that exposure to TiO2 NPs induces significant concentration-dependent antioxidant enzyme activities in D. magna. Lee et al. showed that 7 and 20 nm-sized TiO2 induced no genotoxic effect in D. magna and in the larva of the aquatic midge Chironomus riparius.

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One of the most significant benefits of lithopone is its non-toxic nature. In an era where health and safety standards are paramount, the use of non-hazardous additives is crucial In an era where health and safety standards are paramount, the use of non-hazardous additives is crucial In an era where health and safety standards are paramount, the use of non-hazardous additives is crucial In an era where health and safety standards are paramount, the use of non-hazardous additives is cruciallithopone for rubber. Lithopone is lead-free, making it a safe alternative to traditional lead-based pigments that pose environmental and health risks. This feature ensures that rubber products containing lithopone are compliant with stringent international regulations and industry standards.

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