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When the pH of titanium dioxide deviates from the optimal range, its properties and performance may be compromised. For example, at low pH levels (acidic conditions), titanium dioxide particles tend to agglomerate and form clusters, leading to poor dispersion and reduced whiteness. On the other hand, at high pH levels (alkaline conditions), the stability of titanium dioxide can be compromised, resulting in decreased opacity and color performance.

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Zhu et al. were the first to provide evidence that TiO2 NPs (21 nm) can transfer from daphnia to zebrafish by dietary exposure. Hence, dietary intake could be a major route of exposure to NPs for high trophic level aquatic organisms. Ecological research should therefore focus, not only on the concentration of NPs in the environment, but also on its bioconcentration, bioaccumulation and biomagnification. In addition it has been shown that TiO2 NPs can increase accumulation of other environmental toxicants: enhanced accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) was found in carp in the presence of TiO2 NPs. The strong adsorption capacity for Cd and As was explained by the large specific surface area and strong electrostatic attraction of TiO2 NPs that contribute to facilitated transport into different organs.

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