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Titanium dioxide, an oxide of titanium, is primarily used as a pigment due to its high refractive index, opacity, and whitening properties. In China, the production of R996 grade TiO2 exemplifies the country's commitment to manufacturing excellence and technological advancement in this sector. This particular grade is known for its superior performance, making it suitable for a range of applications including paints and coatings, plastics, paper, and even food and cosmetics.

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For research published in 2022 study in the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology, scientists examined “the genotoxicity and the intracellular reactive oxygen species induction by physiologically relevant concentrations of three different TiO2 nanomaterials in Caco-2 and HT29-MTX-E12 intestinal cells, while considering the potential influence of the digestion process in the NMs’ physiochemical characteristics.” They found a “DNA-damaging effect dependent on the nanomaterial,” along with the micronucleus assay suggesting “effects on chromosomal integrity, an indicator of cancer risk, in the HT29-MTX-E12 cells, for all the tested TiO2 nanomaterials.” Researchers concluded that the results showcase “evidence of concern” regarding titanium dioxide used as a food additive.

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