French researchers studied how and where E171 nanoparticles enter the bloodstream, first studying the route through pigs and then in vitro with human buccal cells, for a 2023 study published in the journal Nanotoxicology. The research showed that the nanoparticles absorbed quickly through the mouth and then into the bloodstream, before damaging DNA and hindering cell regeneration.

Lithopone in fillers, adhesives, joints and sealants

≥100

But despite all these cries of alarm, five years on from the original study no further testing into the safety of Titanium Dioxide in our food supply